The Ozone Hole
Home Page Contact Site Map Ozone Hole 2006
Montreal Protocol Donate Arctic Ozone About Us
Arctic Ozone 2020 What is Ozone?

 Ozone Destruction

Ozone Hole History
Ozone Hole 2019 Ozone Hole 2020 Ozone Hole 2021 Ozone Hole 2022
Ozone Hole 2023
The Ozone Hole website is made possible by a donation from

Paris, February 13, 2009

The ocean less effective at absorbing CO2 emitted by human activity

In the Southern Indian Ocean, climate change is leading to stronger winds, which mix waters, bringing CO2 up from the ocean depths to the surface. This is the conclusion of researchers who have studied the latest field measurements carried out by CNRS's INSU(1), IPEV(2) and IPSL(3). As a result, the Southern Ocean can no longer absorb as much atmospheric CO2 as before. Its role as a 'carbon sink' has been weakened, and it may now be ten times less efficient than previously estimated. The same trend can be observed at high latitudes in the North Atlantic.

The increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is the cause of climate warming, is the result of human activity (use of fossil fuels and deforestation). However, warming is mitigated by the oceans and by terrestrial ecosystems, which are able to absorb a large part of CO2 emissions. The oceans are the planet's main carbon sink(4), but in the last ten years they have become increasingly unable to play this role, in both the northern and southern hemispheres.  

 

This is what has been discovered by Nicolas Metzl and his team at IPSL's LOCEAN(5) laboratory. Their conclusion is based on data collected by the OISO(6) Indian Ocean observation service, which was set up ten years ago with the backing of INSU, CNRS, IPEV and IPSL in order to better evaluate variations in the oceanic carbon cycle on seasonal to decadal scales. From 1998 to 2008, the OISO observatory carried out repeated campaigns of CO2 measurements in the Southern Indian Ocean between 20 and 60°S, on board the ship Marion Dufresne(7). The data collected, together with earlier data (1991-1995), show that the quantity of CO2 is increasing faster in surface waters than in the atmosphere (by 2.1 microatmospheres/year in water as opposed to just 1.7 in air). So although the CO2 content in the atmosphere remains higher than that in surface waters, the difference is decreasing.

 

According to Metzl, who is leader of the OISO program, this increase is the result of climate change at high latitudes, which has led to an increase in the relative difference of atmospheric pressure at latitudes between 40 and 60°S, and therefore to higher wind speeds, leading in turn to increased ocean mixing, with surface waters mixing with deep waters. Surface waters contain less CO2 than deep waters, since CO2 is taken up by the photosynthetic activity of marine phytoplankton. In addition, when these organisms die, they are deposited in deep water where they are broken down by bacteria, thus enriching the deep water in CO2. Thus when there is increased wind mixing of the ocean, greater amounts of CO2 are carried from the deep layers to the surface and, as a result, the ocean's ability to absorb atmospheric CO2 is diminished..  This is the first time that field measurements have confirmed the role of climate change in the oceanic carbon cycle in the southern hemisphere.

 

The IPSL researchers used their data to estimate the efficiency of the oceanic carbon sink on a larger geographical scale,  that of the whole Southern Ocean. They combined the data from the OISO program with other international oceanic CO2 data. Together with their colleagues, they revised downwards the amount of CO2 absorbed by the carbon sink in the Southern Ocean, in particular with the help of observations carried out during the southern winter. The carbon sink probably absorbs ten times less carbon than previously estimated: 0.05 gigatonnes of carbon/year (GtC/year) as opposed to 0.5 GtC/year.

 

Metzl and his colleagues also took part in analysing the oceanic CO2 sink in the North Atlantic(8), combining data collected in the region since 1993(9) with other international data. The conclusion is that the CO2 sink diminished by 50% between 1996 and 2005 in the North Atlantic. The mechanism proposed by the researchers appears for the moment to be connected more to fluctuating weather conditions than to climate change(10).


Routes of the OISO observation service's oceanographic campaigns to measure CO2, carried out on board the Marion Dufresne between 1991 and 2007


Both in the northern and southern hemispheres, the last ten years have seen a weakening of oceanic carbon sinks, which means an increase in atmospheric CO2 content and thus in climate warming. Just how far can this go, and what will the consequences be for the future climate? To find out, researchers will need to continue these observations and take into account these new results to validate models, especially the coupled climate/carbon models that include marine biology, like those used in the reports of the IPCC(11).

This is because the models currently used for climate prediction do not correctly simulate the changes in oceanic CO2 observed over the last two decades at high northern and southern latitudes.

Notes:

1) Institut national des sciences de l'Univers
2) Institut polaire français Paul-Emile Victor
3) Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, which brings together five CNRS joint laboratories
4) A carbon sink is a natural carbon reservoir which absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and thus helps to decrease the amount of atmospheric CO2.
5) Laboratoire d'océanographie et du climat : expérimentations et approches numériques (LOCEAN – laboratoire CNRS/UPMC/MNHN/IRD)
6) Océan Indien Service d'Observations
7) Ship chartered by IPEV and the French Southern and Antarctic Territories.
8) As part of the European CARBOOCEAN project.
9) As part of INSU's SURATLANTE observatory .
10) See the relevant article on INSU's web site: //www.insu.cnrs.fr/a2842,sautes-humeur-puits-carbone-atlantique-nord.html
11) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: View web site,giec-recompense-par-nobels.html

References:

The results presented here are a synthesis of three articles in Deep-Sea Res II, special issue SOCOVV meeting, UNESCO/IOCCP, published online 8 February 2009.
- Decadal Increase of Oceanic Carbon Dioxide in the Southern Indian Ocean Surface waters (1991-2007), Metzl, N.
-Climatological Mean and Decadal Change in Surface Ocean pCO2, and Net Sea-air CO2 Flux over the Global Oceans. Takahashi, T., and 28 co-authors.
-Trends in North Atlantic sea surface pCO2 from 1990 to 2006, Schuster, U., A.J. Watson, N. Bates, A. Corbière, M. Gonzalez-Davila, N.Metzl, D. Pierrot and M. Santana-Casiano.

Contact information:

CNRS researcher
Nicolas Metzl l T 01 44 27 33 94
nicolas.metzl@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr

CNRS press office
Claire Le Poulennec l T 01 44 96 49 88
claire.le-poulennec@cnrs-dir.fr

INSU communication office
Dominique Armand l T 01 44 96 43 68
dominique.armand@cnrs-dir.fr